Option: A
Explanation :STS-1 (Space Transportation System-1) was the first orbital spaceflight of NASA’s Space Shuttle program. The first orbiter, Columbia, launched on 12 April 1981 and returned on 14 April, 54.5 hours later, having orbited the Earth 36 times.

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Option: A
Explanation :There are three levels of Dewey’s curriculum.
(a) Continuance of psychological order in the curriculum.
(b) Retention of problem or project method.
(c) Extension of social opportunity.

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Option: C
Explanation :Old Athenian education differed from the Spartan education in term of Extent of intellectual element. Athenian education develop citizens with strong foundation in literature, philosophy, music, and physical education. While Spartan education focused on producing strong, disciplined soldiers through military training with limited intellectual development.

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Option: C
Explanation :Rousseau developmental stages are 5.
1. Infancy (Birth to 2 years):
Rousseau emphasizes the importance of the mother’s role in nurturing and breastfeeding.
2. The Age of Nature (2-12 years):
Rousseau suggests at this stage children are free to explore and learn through experience, with minimal verbal instruction or moralizing.
3. Pre-adolescence (12-15 years):
Rousseau suggests this is a time for developing practical skills and understanding social interactions.
4. Adolescence (15-20 years):
Emotions become more powerful. Rousseau believed that reason, when well-developed, can help individuals navigate these emotions and moral dilemmas.
5. Early Adulthood (20-25 years):
This stage involves finding a life partner (like Sophie in “Emile”) and establishing oneself in society.

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Option: B
Explanation :Dewey developed pragmatic philosophy and applied it to education.
He was philosopher and educational reformer. He developed a pragmatic philosophy and extensively applied it to field of education. He believed that education should be a social and interactive process. He emphasize hands-on experience, problem-solving, and the development of practical skills.

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Option: D
Explanation :Educational Philosophy of Frobel emphasized Idealism, nationalism, child freedom.He believed children learn best through self-directed activities and exploration. He has also emphasized that the children should be given free opportunities to grow according to their needs. Froebel emphasised the importance of unity and connectedness in education.

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Option: C
Explanation :Pestalozzi developed object lesson emphasizing sensory learning. He believed learning with concrete experiences rather than rote memorization.. This approach is called Anschauung which formed the foundation of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi educational philosophy.
Pestalozzi developed object lesson emphasizing sensory learning and shifted the focus of education towards a more child-centered and experience-based approach. He emphasized the importance of developing a child’s senses, emotions, and abilities through hands-on learning.

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Option: A
Explanation :Spartan education had little or nothing in common with early Athenian education except the Simplicity of its educational aim.

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Option: C
Explanation :“Open door policy” was the administrative character of Hazrat Ali (R.A).

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Option: A
Explanation :Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah & Dr. Rabinder Nath Taipore have opinion that “India is many countries packed in one geographical receptacle”.

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