Discoveries and Inventions

Option: A
Explanation :The man who discovered some of the human blood types that we know today was an Austrian, Karl Landsteiner. His work was influenced by an article on blood typing in goats, which was written by Paul Ehrlich and appeared in the ‘Berliner klinische Wechenschrift’ in 1900.
Landsteiner discovered the common blood types A, B and O (which he referred to as A, B and C) in 1901, and Adriano Sturli and Alfred von Decastello – who were working under Landsteiner – discovered type AB a year later in 1902. Landsteiner was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work.

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Option: D
Explanation :Dr. Hans von Ohain and Sir Frank Whittle are both recognized as being the co-inventors of the jet engine as we know it today, even though each worked separately and knew nothing of the other’s work.
While Von Ohain is considered the designer of the first operational turbojet engine, Whittle was first to register a patent for his schematics of a prototype, in 1930. Von Ohain obtained a patent for his prototype in 1936, and his jet was the first to fly in 1939. Whittle’s took off for the first time in 1941. While von Ohain and Whittle may be the acknowledged fathers of modern jet engines,

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Option: C
Explanation :Marcian Edward “Ted” Hoff Jr. (born October 28, 1937 in Rochester, New York) is one of the inventors of the microprocessor.

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Option: A
Explanation :Edward Teller was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who is known colloquially as “the father of the hydrogen bomb”, although he did not care for the title. He made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy and surface physics.

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Option: B
Explanation :Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from Penicillium fungi.

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Option: C
Explanation :On November 7, 1867, the woman the world would know as Marie Curie was born as Maria Sklodowska in what is now modern-day Poland.
Pierre(Marie Curie husband) and Marie Curie set about working to search for the unknown element. They ground up samples of pitchblende, dissolved them in acid, and began to separate the different elements present, using the standard analytical chemistry techniques of the time. Eventually, they extracted a black powder 330 times more radioactive than uranium, which they called polonium. Polonium was a new chemical element, atomic number 84. When the Curies investigated further, they found that the liquid left behind after they had extracted polonium was still extremely radioactive. They realised that pitchblende contained another new element, far more radioactive than polonium, but present in even smaller quantities. In 1898, the Curies published strong evidence supporting the existence of the new element – which they called radium but they still had no sample of it. Pitchblende is an expensive mineral, because it contains valuable uranium, and Marie needed a lot of it.In 1902 Marie eventually isolated radium (as radium chloride), determining its atomic weight as 225.93. The journey to the discovery had been long and arduous.

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Option: C
Explanation :Cellophane is a thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose. Its low permeability to air, oils, greases, bacteria, and water makes it useful for food packaging.As well as food packaging, cellophane is used in transparent pressure-sensitive tape, tubing and many other similar applications.
Cellophane was invented by Swiss chemist Jacques E. Brandenberger. It took ten years for Brandenberger to perfect his film. His chief improvement over earlier work with such films was adding glycerin to soften the material. By 1912 he had constructed a machine to manufacture the film, which he had named Cellophane, from the words cellulose and diaphane (“transparent”).

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Option: B
Explanation :In 1885, two German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach managed to produce first modern model of motorcycle. They managed to attach small petroleum based combustion engine to the wooden bicycle frame. This motorcycle called “Daimler Reitwagen” is today regarded as the first true motorcycle and it was a starting point for all future motorcycle based innovations and improvements.
During the one of the first test runs seat of the motorcycle caught fire from the heat emanated from the nearby engine. Daimler and Maybach patented during August 1885, and the final version of “Reitwagen” was presented to the public in 1886.
Original models of the “Daimler Reitwagen” were sadly lost in 1903 factory fire at Cannstatt, Germany. Several replicas exist in museum collections in Germany, USA, Australia and Japan.

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Option: A
Explanation :Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone.On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival. The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kilograms (2.4 lb) and measured 23 by 13 by 4.5 centimetres (9.1 by 5.1 by 1.8 in). The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.

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Option: D
Explanation :On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival. The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kilograms (2.4 lb) and measured 23 by 13 by 4.5 centimetres (9.1 by 5.1 by 1.8 in). The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.
John F. Mitchell, Motorola’s chief of portable communication products and Cooper’s boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell failed to push Motorola into developing wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.

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