Computer Science

Option: D
Explanation :When TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and application. Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

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Option: D
Explanation :Port address translation (PAT) is a function that allows multiple users within a private network to make use of a minimal number of IP addresses. Its basic function is to share a single IP public address between multiple clients who need to use the Internet publicly. It is an extension of network address translation (NAT).
Port Address Tranlation is also called porting, port overloading, port-level multiplexed NAT and single address NAT.

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Option: B
Explanation :Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4.In December 1998, IPv6 became a Draft Standard for the IETF, who subsequently ratified it as an Internet Standard on 14 July 2017.
IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, theoretically allowing 2^128, or approximately 3.4×1038 addresses. The actual number is slightly smaller, as multiple ranges are reserved for special use or completely excluded from use. The total number of possible IPv6 addresses is more than 7.9×1028 times as many as IPv4, which uses 32-bit addresses and provides approximately 4.3 billion addresses.
IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups, separated by colons, of four hexadecimal digits. The full representation may be simplified by several methods of notation; for example, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 becomes 2001:db8::8a2e:370:7334.

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Option: A
Explanation : An abstract system is an ordered arrangement of concepts. Abstract systems can be procedural or conceptual.

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Option: C
Explanation : A system is said to be closed if it does not interact with the environment in which it exists. It is in a state of isolation. It is completely self-contained. This is only of theoretical interest as in reality systems exhibit different degrees of openness.

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Option: D
Explanation : A system is said to be closed if it does not interact with the environment in which it exists. It is in a state of isolation. It is completely self-contained. This is only of theoretical interest as in reality systems exhibit different degrees of openness.

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Option: B
Explanation : A system is deterministic if its outputs are certain. This means that the relationships between its components are fully known and certain. Hence, when an input is given the output is fully predictable. An example of a deterministic system is the common entrance examination for entry into IIM. All the entities in the system and their interrelationships are well known and given an input the output can be determined with certainty.

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Option: A
Explanation : Information systems (IS) are formal, sociotechnical, organizational systems designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information. In a sociotechnical perspective information systems are composed by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology.
A computer information system is a system composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information.The term is also sometimes used in more restricted senses to refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a computer system.
Information Systems is an academic study of systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data.

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Option: B
Explanation : The management science modeling process helps businesses to improve their operations through the use of scientific methods and the development of specialized techniques. It is the process of re searching for an optimal solution to the existing problem. Management science modeling process provides systematic, analytical and general approaches to the problem solving for decision-making, regardless of the nature of the system, product, or service. Management science modeling process is the application of scientific methods to complex organizational problems. Models are aimed at assisting the decision-maker in decision-making process. Management science modeling process is one of the innovative decision making tool of the twentieth century.

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Option: D
Explanation :Information : Information is the product of data processing. Information is interrelated data. Information is equivalent to finished goods produced after processing the raw material.
Characteristics of Information :Following are the essential characteristic features :
i) Timeliness : Timeliness means that information must reach the recipients within the prescribed timeframes.
ii) Accuracy : Information should be accurate. It means that information should be free from mistakes, errors &, clear.
iii) Relevance : Information is said to be relevant if it answers especially for the recipient what, why, where, when, who and why? In other words, the MIS should serve reports to managers which is useful and the information helps them to make decisions.
iv) Adequacy : Adequacy means information must be sufficient in quantity, i.e. MIS must provide reports containing information which is required in the deciding processes of decision-making.
v) Completeness : The information which is given to a manager must be complete and should meet all his needs.
vi) Explicitness : A report is said to be of good quality if it does not require further analysis by the recipients for decision making.
vii) Impartiality : Impartial information contains no bias and has been collected without any distorted view of the situation.

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