General Knowledge

Option: B
Explanation :Last there states to join NATO are Albania(2009),Croatia(2009) and Montenegro(2017). As of 2019, NATO officially recognizes four aspiring members: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, North Macedonia and Ukraine. North Macedonia signed an accession protocol to become a NATO member state in February 2019, which is undergoing ratification by the member states.
So Macedonia is undergoing ratification while Albania,Croatia joined NATO in 2009.

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Option: D
Explanation :As of 2019, NATO officially recognizes four aspiring members: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, North Macedonia and Ukraine. North Macedonia signed an accession protocol to become a NATO member state in February 2019, which is undergoing ratification by the member states. Future expansion is currently a topic of debate in several countries outside the alliance, and countries like Sweden, Finland, and Serbia have open political debate on the topic of membership, while in countries like Ukraine, support and opposition to membership is tied to ethnic and nationalist ideologies. The incorporation of countries formerly part of the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union has been a cause of increased tension between NATO countries and Russia.

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Option: B
Explanation :Montenegro became the 29th member of NATO on 5 June 2017 when it deposited its instrument of accession to the North Atlantic Treaty with the US State Department in Washington DC. On 7 June 2017. Flag of Montenegro was raised at NATO Headquarters in a special ceremony to mark the country’s accession to NATO. Flag raising ceremonies were also held simultaneously at Allied Command Operations in Mons and Allied Command Transformation in Norfolk, Virginia.

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Option: A
Explanation :NATO founding treaty was signed in Washington D.C 4 April 1949 , NATO is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO is an intergovernmental military alliance between countries in North America and Europe.
NATO was formed following World War II. Its founding treaty was signed in Washington D.C. in 1949 by a dozen European and North American countries.
The 12 founding member countries of NATO are: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway ,Portugal, United Kingdom, United States

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Option: C
Explanation : NATO is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO is an intergovernmental military alliance between countries in North America and Europe.
NATO was formed following World War II. Its founding treaty was signed in Washington D.C. in 1949 by a dozen European and North American countries.
The 12 founding member countries of NATO are: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway ,Portugal, United Kingdom, United States

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Option: A
Explanation : NATO is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO is an intergovernmental military alliance between countries in North America and Europe.
NATO was formed following World War II. Its founding treaty was signed in Washington D.C. in 1949 by a dozen European and North American countries.
The NATO alliance was formed as a response to the threat posed after the Second World War by the Soviet Union. NATO’s purpose was to protect democratic nations against the spread of communism in Europe. NATO’s website states “It commits the Allies to democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law, as well as to peaceful resolution of disputes. Importantly, the treaty sets out the idea of collective defense, meaning that an attack against one Ally is considered an attack against all Allies.”

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Option: A
Explanation :A Ph.D. student at the University of Alberta has discovered a new and curious mineral inside a diamond unearthed from a mine in South Africa. The mineral—named “goldschmidtite” in honor of Victor Moritz Goldschmidt, the founder of modern geochemistry—has an unusual chemical signature for a mineral from Earth’s mantle, explained Nicole Meyer, a graduate student in the Diamond Exploration Research and Training School.
“Goldschmidtite has high concentrations of niobium, potassium and the rare earth elements lanthanum and cerium, whereas the rest of the mantle is dominated by other elements, such as magnesium and iron,” said Meyer. “For potassium and niobium to constitute a major proportion of this mineral, it must have formed under exceptional processes that concentrated these unusual elements.”
The study, “Goldschmidtite, (K,REE,Sr)(Nb,Cr)O3: a New Perovskite Supergroup Mineral Found in Diamond from Koffiefontein, South Africa,” was published in American Mineralogist.

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Option: D
Explanation : A neutral country is a country that doesn’t take sides. This could be during a certain war, or it could be for all conflicts. Countries that are neutral in future conflicts do not enter military alliances. The definition of “neutral” varies from country to country. Some nations, for example, do not have a military. Others do have a military in place to protect themselves if needed but do not deploy their militaries to other nations.
Throughout history, there have been various nations around the world that have been neutral. Currently, nations that are neutral against future conflicts are: 1. Austria 2.Costa Rica 3.Finland 4.Ghana 5.Ireland 6.Japan 7.Liechtenstein 8.Malta 9.Mexico 10.Mongolia 11.Moldova 12.Panama 13.Rwanda 14.Serbia 15.Singapore 16.Sweden 17.Switzerland 18.Turkmenistan 19.Uzbekistan 20.Vatican City

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Option: B
Explanation : Track II diplomacy or “backchannel diplomacy” is the practice of “non-governmental, informal and unofficial contacts and activities between private citizens or groups of individuals, sometimes called ‘non-state actors'”. It contrasts with track I diplomacy which is official governmental diplomacy that occur inside official government channels. However, track two diplomacy is not a substitute for track one diplomacy. Rather, it is there to assist official actors to manage and resolve conflicts by exploring possible solutions derived from the public view and without the requirements of formal negotiation or bargaining for advantage. In addition, the term track 1.5 diplomacy is used by some analysts to define a situation where official and non-official actors cooperate in conflict resolution.

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Option: A
Explanation : A fortress in central Moscow that contains the central offices of the government of Russia and, formerly, the offices of the Soviet Union.
The term Kremlin was also used figuratively to mean the former Soviet government.
A group of buildings in Moscow that is now the centre of government of Russia, or the Russian government itself. In the past, the Kremlin also meant the government of the Soviet Union.
Fortress:- A large, strong building or group of buildings that can be defended from attack.

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